Quantum ScoopThe Holy Grail of particle physics may already have been found.
By James Owen WeatherallPosted Monday, June 4, 2007, at 1:05 PM ET
Some call the Higgs boson the Holy Grail of particle physics. As the only undetected element of the field's theoretical masterpiece—the "standard model"—the Higgs guarantees a Nobel Prize for the experimenters who find it first. Now the European Union has spent an estimated $8 billion to build the world's largest particle accelerator, the large hadron collider, to finally track it down.
So goes the reasoning, at least, of popular science writers. In the last month, The New Yorker, the New York Times, and the Boston Globe, among others, have run articles on the LHC, which will be capable of reaching energies seven times greater than any comparable device ever created. All of this coverage has focused on the Higgs.
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In 1996, Jim Holt called the standard model a "stick-and-bubblegum contraption," and wondered why physicists can't come up with some more elegant theories of matter. In a "Diary" from 2002, particle physicist Kenneth Bloom wondered what sorts of machines we should be building next. Gregg Easterbrook reviewed Lee Smolin's attack on string theory. Amanda Schaffer assessed the scholarly work of Brian Greene.
But what if someone else has already found it?
A rumor flying around physics departments these last few weeks claims that physicists working at the Tevatron, an accelerator located outside of Chicago, have found something new. Originally passed by word of mouth and private e-mail, the rumor made it into the blogosphere May 28, with an anonymous comment on the blog of a particle physicist living in Venice, Italy. Since then, the rumor has spread.
This isn't the first time a story like this has circulated. Until the LHC opens, the Tevatron remains the largest accelerator in the world. Among its most significant past discoveries is another standard-model particle, the top quark. And in 2009, it will shut its doors forever. Like the LHC, the Tevatron was built with the Higgs in mind, and as time runs out for America's biggest atom smasher, some nervy experimentalists have jumped the gun. Last summer, two Tevatron groups released some suggestive, but fruitless, graphs (PDF), just before the International Conference on High Energy Physics; in January, a new crop of rumors emerged, which were reported in the Economist and New Scientistin March. These other rumors have described "bumps": anomalies in the data that suggest a new particle but are too small for a definitive identification.
The current rumor, which comes in time for the summer conference circuit, may be different. It claims an experiment at the Tevatron has found a peak twice as high as the previous rumors' bumps. And unlike the other rumors, this one includes details: the new particle's mass, for instance, which fits within theoretical bounds on the standard model Higgs. Some versions include a decay chain, which describes what the new particle turned into as the experiment progressed, and which may be consistent with the standard model's predictions.
Of course, the rumor also claims that no one associated with the experiment will confirm the new findings until they've had time to publish, likely within the next few weeks. And until they do, no one can be certain what the Tevatron has—or has not—found.
The hype surrounding the Higgs boson is well-deserved. The standard model, a unified view of physics first presented by John Iliopoulos in 1974, describes everything we know about the smallest building blocks of nature yet observed. It's the most accurate theory ever developed, in any field. And without the Higgs, it doesn't make much sense: Based purely on first principles, elementary particles should be massless. Some, like photons, do have zero mass; yet others are surprisingly heavy. Enter the Higgs, which would—in theory—interact with these latter particles to make the difference.
Quantum Scoop:The Holy Grail of particle physics may already have been found.
James Owen Weatherall is currently preparing his doctoral dissertation in physics and mathematics at the Stevens Institute of Technology. He is also working on a second doctorate in philosophy of physics at the University of California, Irvine. He has a master's in physics from Harvard University.
The world's largest superconducting solenoid magnet by Fabrice Coffrini/AFP/Getty Images.
COMMENTS
Remarks from the Fray:
It is dishonest to paint the LHC as an $8 billion experiment to discover the Higgs Boson. That is certainly part of it, and currently the issue that particle physicists are most excited about but it is hardly the only physics that will be discovered at the LHC. History has shown us that whenever particle accelerators have been bumped up in energy, we learn something new. Unfortunately it appears that the universe does not always operate in a smooth and differentiable fashion as energy increases, so there are many surprises in store for us.
In any case, there are several other experiments such as ALICE, LHCb and TOTEM which will be occurring at the LHC. The accelerator itself will be run with heavy ion collisions for a month every year, which will allow us to better probe the quark-gluon plasma that is theorized to have existed 10 millionths of a second after the Big Bang. Even if the Higgs is found exactly where it is theorized to be and behaves in the manner it is theorized to behave, these other experiments would make our money worth it. After all, how much money have we spent doing nothing in Iraq?
To say that particle physics would look bleak if the Higgs is found is also nonsense. There are many things that the Higgs can not explain, such as what particle(s) makes up dark matter. While it is true that the Standard Model does not predict anything that exciting coming out of the LHC energy levels outside of the Higgs, we will not know whether this is true without testing it. We may find something exciting! […]
Personally I'm betting that at least one Nobel Prize comes out of the LHC that is completely unrelated to the Higgs. […] Perhaps a better understanding of why there are three families of particles will happen. Or we may better understand the interactions of the quark-gluon plasma. Or maybe we'll discover a dark energy candidate. There are so many possibilities that focusing the whole experiment on the Higgs boson is a slap in the face to the many physicists who are working hard at the other physics available at the LHC.
After all, there will be over 4000 physicists working there and they can't all get credit for the Higgs!
I think the biggest problem with the article is the assertion that it's a disaster for the Tevatron to see the Higgs before the LHC. There's a lot more to physics than finding particles. First, in order to call it the SM Higgs they need to show that it's spinless and the couplings are what they should be. That's hard to do with just a 5 sigma excess. I'm not an expert on this, but if the Tevatron can see this thing, then the LHC will make a ton of them. First comes discovery, then comes the model-building. It seems this would just give the ATLAS & CMS people a head start in knowing where to look.
The article states "[The standard model is] the most accurate theory ever developed, in any field." I would be fascinated to know the objective standard to which models in different fields can be evaluated for "accuracy". Certainly, all models are wrong, but their value comes in helping make predictions which turn out to be correct. Is the accuracy of a theory dependent on how many correct predictions it has made? As measured by what...number of publications? And when is a theory so uncontroversial that it ceases separating one group of thinkers from another? […]
If you're working "accuracy" from the "nothing left underlying the current explanation" angle, then the science of physics is always going to win because of a very uninteresting fact. Science is integrated. We carve it up into areas to help ourselves, not because Nature is divided up into sciences. Psychology is constrained by biology is constrained by genetics is constrained by chemistry is constrained by physics. No theory in any other area is complete without the proper foundational work in all of the science which supports it, and physics supports everything. If that's what "accurate" means, then the claim is meaningless. The best theory in physics will always be the best theory ever because bad physics necessarily takes the rest of fully articulated scientific theory down with it.
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Some call the Higgs boson the Holy Grail of particle physics. As the only undetected element of the field's theoretical masterpiece—the "standard model"—the Higgs guarantees a Nobel Prize for the experimenters who find it first. Now the European Union has spent an estimated $8 billion to build the world's largest particle accelerator, the large hadron collider, to finally track it down. 
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Remarks from the Fray:
It is dishonest to paint the LHC as an $8 billion experiment to discover the Higgs Boson. That is certainly part of it, and currently the issue that particle physicists are most excited about but it is hardly the only physics that will be discovered at the LHC. History has shown us that whenever particle accelerators have been bumped up in energy, we learn something new. Unfortunately it appears that the universe does not always operate in a smooth and differentiable fashion as energy increases, so there are many surprises in store for us.
In any case, there are several other experiments such as ALICE, LHCb and TOTEM which will be occurring at the LHC. The accelerator itself will be run with heavy ion collisions for a month every year, which will allow us to better probe the quark-gluon plasma that is theorized to have existed 10 millionths of a second after the Big Bang. Even if the Higgs is found exactly where it is theorized to be and behaves in the manner it is theorized to behave, these other experiments would make our money worth it. After all, how much money have we spent doing nothing in Iraq?
To say that particle physics would look bleak if the Higgs is found is also nonsense. There are many things that the Higgs can not explain, such as what particle(s) makes up dark matter. While it is true that the Standard Model does not predict anything that exciting coming out of the LHC energy levels outside of the Higgs, we will not know whether this is true without testing it. We may find something exciting! […]
Personally I'm betting that at least one Nobel Prize comes out of the LHC that is completely unrelated to the Higgs. […] Perhaps a better understanding of why there are three families of particles will happen. Or we may better understand the interactions of the quark-gluon plasma. Or maybe we'll discover a dark energy candidate. There are so many possibilities that focusing the whole experiment on the Higgs boson is a slap in the face to the many physicists who are working hard at the other physics available at the LHC.
After all, there will be over 4000 physicists working there and they can't all get credit for the Higgs!
--PhysicsGirl
(To reply, click here.)
I think the biggest problem with the article is the assertion that it's a disaster for the Tevatron to see the Higgs before the LHC. There's a lot more to physics than finding particles. First, in order to call it the SM Higgs they need to show that it's spinless and the couplings are what they should be. That's hard to do with just a 5 sigma excess. I'm not an expert on this, but if the Tevatron can see this thing, then the LHC will make a ton of them. First comes discovery, then comes the model-building. It seems this would just give the ATLAS & CMS people a head start in knowing where to look.
--apotheosis
(To reply, click here.)
The article states "[The standard model is] the most accurate theory ever developed, in any field." I would be fascinated to know the objective standard to which models in different fields can be evaluated for "accuracy". Certainly, all models are wrong, but their value comes in helping make predictions which turn out to be correct. Is the accuracy of a theory dependent on how many correct predictions it has made? As measured by what...number of publications? And when is a theory so uncontroversial that it ceases separating one group of thinkers from another? […]
If you're working "accuracy" from the "nothing left underlying the current explanation" angle, then the science of physics is always going to win because of a very uninteresting fact. Science is integrated. We carve it up into areas to help ourselves, not because Nature is divided up into sciences. Psychology is constrained by biology is constrained by genetics is constrained by chemistry is constrained by physics. No theory in any other area is complete without the proper foundational work in all of the science which supports it, and physics supports everything. If that's what "accurate" means, then the claim is meaningless. The best theory in physics will always be the best theory ever because bad physics necessarily takes the rest of fully articulated scientific theory down with it.
--Mangar
(To reply, click here.)
(6/5)